Person Centred Model Of Counselling Psychology Essay

Person Centred Model Of Counselling Psychology Essay Carl Rogers an influential American psychologist, one of the many theorists although, arguable the most leading figure whom founded humanistic psychology and established the person centred approach (Charleson, 2011). The term person centred arose from the perceptions clients were and are treated as the reality (Colledge, 2002). Rogers view was that there are as many different realities as there are people within the world. Rogers rejected the deterministic nature of the psychoanalysis and the behaviourists view to counselling (McLeod, 2008) and the approach is as it claims to be person centred, thus meaning that the person centred counselling is the non directive approach of the counsellor. According to Wilkins (2010), the client directs the session as they themselves are said to be the expert on their experiences. Rogers also stated that for successful therapy to be achieved there were six necessary conditions, three of them Rogers termed as the core conditions that relate to the attitude of the counsellor and the modus operandi. The three core conditions are that the counsellor is empathetic, has unconditional positive regard for the client and congruence between the self and the organisms. I will discuss the three core conditions in more detail further on within my reflective piece of work. (reference) However, the theoretical assumption to person centred counselling started with the belief that both the counsellor and client are trustworthy (Colledge, 2002) and every individual have the innate potential to actualise. Rogers draw upon this term of actualising from Maslows hierarchy of needs, formulated his ideas of the person centred approach, and termed it the self-actualisation of a person, as previously mentioned Rogers believed that all individuals have the potential to self- actualise provided the right conditions are present (Mearns, Thorne, 2010). Another point which Colledge (2002) stated was that the foundation to Rogers theory of the frame of reference is subjective or perceptual, which leads me onto the next point regarding this skill of a counsellor. The frame of reference is a fundamental skill to counselling, which I believe means I feel what the client feels and experience what the client experiences and I perceive the situation as they perceive it. As I think of a clients frame of reference, I am reminded of a particular sentence that I would like to share, as I find it a mystical way to explain the meaning to the frame of reference for myself. It was a particular sentence within a Mearns and Thorne book (2000, p.55) that stated the possible depth to people and their way of being as an Invisible dance of communication between the therapist and the client. In a sense, this sentence could possibly describe one particular practice session that stands out within my mind. I was the counsellor with one of my peer members within our trios group, I felt completely within her moment, I was within her frame of reference, and we were in the invisible dance of communication described by Mearns and Thorne. However, I am aware that this could possibly be down to the fact that we have a relationship that is established, the words I was hearing were in context, and I do have more knowledge of her (Tolan, 2012) character and personality. She explained how she would approach a problem, and I visualized her actions, but unfortunately, I did not share my visualisation or voice this with her. In reflecting on this, I am not entirely sure what core conditions I could use to describe this other than being with her in the moment. Locus of evaluation could be either external or internal. The external locus of evaluation is described as, the thoughts and opinions of external people in the way they want you to live your life (Gladding, 2011) or alternatively through the conditions of worth that was placed on you from childhood. On the other hand, with the internal locus of evaluation, you live your life within your rules and in charge of your own thoughts and opinions. Time boundaries or time keeping are with no doubt the parameters or guidelines that govern a working relationship between the client and counsellor (Hough, 2010) and I realise that time keeping is essential and it is good practice when I am a trained counsellor or hope to be. If I cannot be reliable on my course, how can the clients rely upon me? I was reading the written work of Spurling (2004) when I came across a paragraph, which explains beautifully the importance of time boundaries and the process of counselling, This process is about change and the rate or pattern of change cannot be predicted in advance, as it is the outcome of the interchange between counsellor and client, and the unpredictability of the counselling therefore needs predictability in the structure of the setting in order to be sustained (Spurling, 2004, p.29). I understand this and realise the importance to the time boundaries within a counselling session and the ability to adhere to it. As mentioned previously there are three core conditions for successful therapy to be achieved which relate to the counsellors attitude. It is, without hesitation that a counsellor needs to have the core conditions that Carl Rogers outlines (Gladding, 2011) within his person centred model of the Counselling theory. These include Empathy, Congruence, and unconditional positive regard (UPR) towards the client. These core conditions I believe are necessary for counselling to be effective for the client and for client progression into a fully functioning person, that is, a person whom uses their ability to the fullest extent possible (Gladding, 2011). However, according to Gladding (2011), there are two levels of empathy. One is described primary empathy, the other is advanced empathy, and the two levels are defined differently. However, I will only be referring to the primary level of empathy within this piece of work, as I am only within the first semester of my degree. I do not believe I can or I am able to convey the advanced level of empathy at this stage, as I would only be able to demonstrate this advanced stage as I progress within the remaining years of my degree. Empathy as defined by Gladding (2011) is a counsellors ability to effectively, reflect back to the client their feelings, thoughts and to be within the clients frame of reference concerning the situation or point of view that the client may perceive as being current. Empathy one of the necessary and sufficient conditions for change (McMillian, 2004, p.53) with congruence and unconditional positive regard (UPR) or simply known as the acceptance of a clients position or point of view. The core conditions of the person centred approach will be addressed further on in my reflective essay within the person centred approach to counselling. It is my belief that we are encouraged to use primary empathetic responses by the skills of clarification, paraphrasing and reflecting the clients feelings back to them. Although as I began practicing the role of a counsellor, I felt that at times I was parroting words that my peers had said, reflecting back on these sessions, I now know that in some instances the words only hold part of the meaning and do not fully express the deeper feelings. I have realised this and I am endeavouring to try listening more vigilantly to the clients tone of voice or any hesitations, and to be aware of the clients body language as all these factors can convey a deeper meaning than words can. However, Gladding (2011) goes on further to define empathy or conveying empathy as being able to put myself in the clients situation with their perception and emotion but remaining objective, this definition from Gladding appears to be very similar to the core condition of UPR. I believe that in everyday life I am empathetic towards people and suspend my own personal judgement and opinions, which, in the person centred approach are highly important for any client to form a trusting relationship and encourages them to self-explore on a deeper level. This point is closely intertwined with Carl Rogerss core conditions of UPR and congruence. Unconditional positive regard is one of the core conditions I find quite easy to demonstrate within the practice session with my peers. This I believe is one of my qualities that I possess. I am not a person without defence barriers, behaviours, or reactions that can be perceived by others as inconsiderate and perhaps foolish at times. I am also able to accept that I make mistakes but I am not afraid to admit them, so I accept people, as I would like them to be acceptant of me. However, as much as I would like to believe that I am a non-judgemental person, there could quite possible be a time I am faced with a client or situation that I cannot accept. I am positive that the Personal development on the degree will help me to address my own fears and unresolved issue so my ability on offering the core condition of UPR is increased which enables my clients or prospective clients to achieve constructive change. According to Rogers, (1959, p.208) UPR seems effective in bringing about change within the client. It is my understanding that congruence is being truthful and honest, however, Rogers states in his six necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change that the role of congruence must be within the therapist or integrated into the relationship. Rogers (1959) also linked congruence to the other core conditions of empathy and UPR, he stated that for therapy to occur within the therapeutic relationship the wholeness of counsellor needs to be primary, but part of congruence must be the experience of myself and the client would need to experience empathy, congruence, and UPR. As a counsellor, I believe it will be difficult for me not to ask questions on a regular basis. This weakness will be a target for me to achieve, and to only ask questions when appropriate, also as it is person centred counselling it is a practice of non directive approach to therapy and asking questions could possible direct the client. The client could also perceive some questions as being oppressive and insinuating that they should feel or think in a specific way, in other words, I could unintentionally impose more conditions of worth onto the client. The asking of questions I believe will be a challenge; however, I do understand, that questions may be asked of the client but only when it is appropriate to do so and to approach asking any questions in a thoughtful and non-judgemental way. Challenge Silence To conclude, Rogers person centred theory seems quite simple however, it appears to be difficult for me at this early stage to demonstrate certain core conditions within the practice sessions but I will endeavour to achieve and be the best that I can be. Although, I am quite comfortable with the theory and deep respect for Rogers theory, I am however looking forward to learning more about the different approaches to counselling, for example, cognitive behaviour and the gestalt approach. I am intrigued to find out how they differ and compare them to the person centred approach. Words 1868 / 2000

Mathematics of Human Vision and Corrective Lenses :: Math Eye Glasses Contacts Contact Lens

Missing figures/tables It is a daily ritual...wake up, eat, shower, contacts, class. I do this every morning, however I have never stopped to think, "Why?" No, not "Why am I going to class so early?" but "Why do I need these contacts?" With this project I will attempt to explain the basics of vision and corrective lenses, as I, myself, finally learn the reason for sticking my finger in my eye every morning. Basic Eye Anatomy The cornea is responsible for protecting the eye and for refracting incoming light rays. The pupil is merely an opening that allows light to enter into the eye. Its black color is attributed to the fact that light is not able to exit the eye through the pupil. The iris acts to control the size of the pupil. In bright light, the iris is dilated in such a way as to reduce the size of the pupil and limit the amount of entering light. In dim light, the iris adjusts its size as to maximize the size of the pupil and increase the amount of incoming light. The crystalline lens is a fibrous, jelly-like material that serves to fine tune the vision process by adjusting its shape and therefore the focal length of the system. The ciliary muscles relax and contract to change the shape of the lens. The retina contains rods and cones which detect the intensity and frequency of incoming light and, in turn, send nerve impulses to the brain. Behind the Eye The four main components of the eye that are responsible for producing an image are the cornea, lens, ciliary muscles and retina. Incoming light rays first encounter the cornea. The bulging shape of the cornea causes it to refract light similar to a convex lens. Because of the great difference in optical density between the air and the corneal material and because of the shape of the cornea, most of the refraction to incoming light rays takes place here. Light rays then pass through the pupil, and then onto the lens. A small amount of additional refraction takes place here as the light rays are "fine tuned" so that they focus on the retina. This is a representation of the eye's lens system. This eye has no eye condition, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, and the lens is drawn in its relaxed position. The light rays are focused appropriately on the retina. The thickness of the cornea is 0.449 mm, the distance from the cornea to the lens is 2. Mathematics of Human Vision and Corrective Lenses :: Math Eye Glasses Contacts Contact Lens Missing figures/tables It is a daily ritual...wake up, eat, shower, contacts, class. I do this every morning, however I have never stopped to think, "Why?" No, not "Why am I going to class so early?" but "Why do I need these contacts?" With this project I will attempt to explain the basics of vision and corrective lenses, as I, myself, finally learn the reason for sticking my finger in my eye every morning. Basic Eye Anatomy The cornea is responsible for protecting the eye and for refracting incoming light rays. The pupil is merely an opening that allows light to enter into the eye. Its black color is attributed to the fact that light is not able to exit the eye through the pupil. The iris acts to control the size of the pupil. In bright light, the iris is dilated in such a way as to reduce the size of the pupil and limit the amount of entering light. In dim light, the iris adjusts its size as to maximize the size of the pupil and increase the amount of incoming light. The crystalline lens is a fibrous, jelly-like material that serves to fine tune the vision process by adjusting its shape and therefore the focal length of the system. The ciliary muscles relax and contract to change the shape of the lens. The retina contains rods and cones which detect the intensity and frequency of incoming light and, in turn, send nerve impulses to the brain. Behind the Eye The four main components of the eye that are responsible for producing an image are the cornea, lens, ciliary muscles and retina. Incoming light rays first encounter the cornea. The bulging shape of the cornea causes it to refract light similar to a convex lens. Because of the great difference in optical density between the air and the corneal material and because of the shape of the cornea, most of the refraction to incoming light rays takes place here. Light rays then pass through the pupil, and then onto the lens. A small amount of additional refraction takes place here as the light rays are "fine tuned" so that they focus on the retina. This is a representation of the eye's lens system. This eye has no eye condition, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, and the lens is drawn in its relaxed position. The light rays are focused appropriately on the retina. The thickness of the cornea is 0.449 mm, the distance from the cornea to the lens is 2.

School wark

The Wall-Mart stores model were not visual appealing to South Korean costumers, since Korean are use to see neat and sophisticated department stores, Product mix: The American consuming patterns of electronics, clothing, and process foods did not match the South Koreans preferences. Promotion strategies: Walter kept its American approach of promoting through friendly and warm layouts, while the South Korean are more likely to be sold for aggressive and exuberant strategies of promotion. Pricing: Since South Koreans do not distinguish the deference between discounts ND regular prices.Generally Wall-Mart marketed Items like electronics, when South Koreans prefer to spend their money on food and drinks, But the main task that must be taken is for companies to local needs and desires in mind when entering into any foreign country area In the world. In my opinion there is a lot of options that could be helpful for the case of Walter in south Korea. 1- Changing the Walter location: I think it is one of the good solution because there from the most populations to a place has more opportunity to get improved. Expert: That could be another solution to having an expert by helping to now more about the consumer and the culture in south Korea. 3-Changing kind of product: That will be one of the best solutions for Walter in South Korea by having more domestic products and especially more fresh food or sea food and to having the BIG 502: Applied Business Research and Communication Skills Steven Samara Martina Instructor: Peggy Bilberry Consumers demands ,that will have the Korean accepting Walter product more and will support it with the time.Steven Samara Martina Southern State University BUY-502 What are some limitations of the SOOT matrix and analysis? We cannot say that the SOOT strategy is the final strategy to achieve the desired goals. However, the SOOT strategy is considered as a starting point to develop other strategies that could support the SOOT strategy in order to progress and development on an ongoing basis of the desired goals. Although SOOT strategy is one of the most successful strategies, it must have some gaps that require us to constantly re-examine our SOOT strategy.Because of the previous observation, it is very important to search for other strategies in order to get the best results. If you decide to use a SOOT matrix for your Yahoo case-study, can you defend why? I absolutely will use a SOOT matrix strategy because it is considered to be direct and clear for all of its objectives that are strengths, weaknesses and threats. In addition, through these objectives, we can examine and develop additional strategies to support and convert as much as possible weaknesses points to strengths once.

Why Women Still Can t Have It All - 1035 Words

Anyone Can Have It All Sooner or later in life, we will inevitably face the question that asks if we have it all. One may respond with a question: â€Å"What does it all mean?† According to the article â€Å"Why Women Still Can’t Have It All,† author Anne-Marie Slaughter defines it all as â€Å"work-family balance† (678). It means to have both career and family at the same time. And the consensus of our society has agreed with her definition of it all. We live in a society where we are raised to grow up to have a career and a family. Correspondingly, we will likely raise our children with the same tenet, and the cycle repeats. Our society dictates that work-family balance is what defining it all. However, not everyone agrees with the society’s or†¦show more content†¦She is pleased because she has the power to achieve her it all by using her position to balance her career and family. Likewise, in his article â€Å"Why Men Still Can’t Have It All,† Richard Dorment feels glad to be back in his office working rather than taking full advantage of his paternity leave. â€Å"At work, I had a purpose — things needed to be done, people needed me to do themâ€Å" (Dorment 711). Dorment is an editor at Esquire magazine. At work, he has purposes and is needed, whereas he feels his presence is not necessarily needed and finds it to be boring at home (Dorment 711). Being needed and having able to work for his purposes, he can have personal fulfillment. On the other hand, people who are not contented are the ones that do not have personal satisfaction for their actions. For example, Slaughter demonstrates this when she says, â€Å"The flip side is the harder truth: having it all was not possible in many types of jobs , including high government office—at least not for very longâ€Å" (681). 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